In particular, while the decarbonization of the transport sector can benefit from sustainable fuels such as electrofuels and biomethane 8, battery technology, which depends fundamentally on critical materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, is widely deemed indispensable in renewable energy storage and automobile electrification 9, 10. While renewable energy and low-carbon technology transitions are imperative to achieve the climate neutrality and post-COVID-19 green recovery ambitions of many countries 1, 2, such transitions require various types and significant amounts of critical materials (e.g., rare earth for magnets, platinum for catalysts, and lithium for batteries) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Our results reveal varying cobalt supply security levels by region and indicate the urgency of boosting primary cobalt supply to ensure global e-mobility ambitions.
However, the cobalt supply shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium-term (during 2028-2033), even under the most technologically optimistic scenario. We show that cobalt-free batteries and recycling progress can indeed significantly alleviate long-term cobalt supply risks. Here, we address this gap by simulating historical (1998-2019) and future (2020-2050) global cobalt cycles covering both traditional and emerging end uses with regional resolution (China, the U.S., Japan, the EU, and the rest of the world). While battery technology and recycling advancement are two widely acknowledged strategies for addressing such supply risks, the extent to which they will relieve global and regional cobalt demand–supply imbalance remains poorly understood. The Boeing does it much faster and can carry more people, but flying it is a lot harder than driving a Ford Escort, and you can't fly it on an old-fashioned road.In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the potential supply risks of critical battery materials, such as cobalt, for electric mobility transitions. They're both vehicles, and they can both get you from A to B. It's like comparing a Ford Escort with a Boeing 737. The more powerful SAM3X chip is much harder to get to grips with and program. However when you come to do low-level programming instead if relying on the Arduino API you would find that the ATMega2560 is a much simpler chip to program. The language is, excepting a few esoteric anomalies, largely the same. It's also more forgiving to the novice user than the more complex SAM3X chip.įrom an Arduino programming point of view both boards are pretty much programmed the same. The Mega2560 has less memory and far less processing power, but interfacing with legacy 5V devices is far easier. It can't easily interface with 5V devices though. It has more flexible and more powerful built-in peripherals. It has more memory and far more processing power. The Due can do a lot of things much faster. The Arduino Mega 2560 is still used, because there are many libraries and shields that are compatible with the Arduino Mega 2560. The Arduino Due has more processing power then the M0+. When you already know a little about programming and electronics, this is a very good choice. The Arduino Zero or MKRzero or M0 have a M0+ processor at 3.3V and they can be used for all kind of nice projects. Start with an Arduino Uno if you want to learn programming and have fun with leds and buttons. It's always good to have one lying around. My suggestion is to use an Arduino Uno for all kind of testing. The Arduino Mega pins can drive more than 20mA, it can be used to drive 10 leds with 20mA simultaneously, the Arduino Due can't do that. When a 3.3V with SPI is used, you need more hardware. When a 3.3V sensor with I2C is used, you need a I2C level shifter. The Arduino Mega 2560 board is the only board with 10k pullup resistors at SDA and SCL, therefor it has a 5V I2C bus. That is a lot easer with the Arduino Due which runs at 3.3V. Most sensors are 3.3V, and also a SD memory card is 3.3V. Many older shield are not compatible with the Due, but do you really need to use an old shield ? The new Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 is also compatible with the Due. For example the Ethernet Shield V1 version 'R3' can be used with the Due. The 'R3' version boards and shields are compatible with 3.3V and 5V.
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